ASTM, ANSI, ASME me te API

ASTMTe Rōpū Whakamātautau me ngā Rauemi o AmerikaANSI：TE WHARE TAONGA PAEREWA Ā-MOTU O AMERIKAASMETe Rōpū o ngā Kaihanga Mīhini o AmerikaAPITe Whare Hinu o Amerika

Kupu Whakataki

ASTMKo te American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) i mua ko te International Association for Testing Materials (IATM). I ngā tau 1980, hei whakatau i ngā whakaaro me ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te kaihoko me te kaiwhakarato i roto i te tukanga hoko me te hoko rauemi ahumahi, i whakaaro ētahi tāngata kia whakatūria he pūnaha komiti hangarau, ā, i whakarite te komiti hangarau i ngā māngai mai i ngā āhuatanga katoa hei whai wāhi atu ki te Huihuinga Hangarau hei matapaki me te whakatau i ngā take tautohe e pā ana ki ngā whakatakotoranga rauemi me ngā tikanga whakamātautau. I tū te hui tuatahi a te IATM ki Ūropi i te tau 1882, ā, i reira i whakatūria ai he komiti mahi.

ANSII whakatūria te American National Standards Institute (ANSI) i te tau 1918. I taua wā, he maha ngā umanga me ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā rōpū hangarau i te United States i tīmata i ngā mahi paerewa, engari he maha ngā whakahē me ngā raruraru nā te kore o te mahi tahi i waenganui i a rātou. Hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, e whakapono ana ngā rau o ngā rōpū pūtaiao me te hangarau, ngā whakahaere hononga me ngā rōpū he mea tika kia whakatūria he whakahaere paerewa motuhake me te whakatakoto i tētahi paerewa kotahi.

ASMEI whakatūria te American Society of mechanical engineers i te tau 1880. Inaianei kua noho hei whakahaere mātauranga me te hangarau kore-moni o te ao, neke atu i te 125,000 ngā mema puta noa i te ao. I te mea kei te piki haere te whānuitanga o ngā marautanga hangarau, ka whakaratohia hoki e te pukapuka ASME ngā mōhiohio mō te hangarau rohe marautanga. Ko ngā kaupapa e hipokina ana ko: te hangarau taketake, te hanga, te hoahoa pūnaha me ētahi atu.

APIAPI Ko te whakarāpopototanga tēnei o te American Petroleum Institute. I whakatūria a API i te tau 1919, koia te whakahaere pakihi ā-motu tuatahi i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, ko tētahi o ngā rūma whakatakoto paerewa tuatahi me te angitu rawa atu i te ao.

Ngā kawenga

ASTMKo te nuinga o te wā, he whakatakoto i ngā āhuatanga me ngā paerewa mahi o ngā rauemi, ngā hua, ngā pūnaha me ngā ratonga, ā, he tohatoha i ngā mātauranga e tika ana. Ko ngā paerewa ASTM ka whakawhanakehia e te komiti hangarau, ā, ka tuhia e te rōpū mahi paerewa. AhakoaASTMKo ngā paerewa he paerewa i titoa e ngā rōpū mātauranga kāore i te mana, kua wehea ngā paerewa ASTM ki ngā kāwai 15, te rahinga i whakaputaina, ā, ko te whakarōpūtanga me te rahinga o ngā paerewa e whai ake nei:

Whakarōpūtanga:

(1) Ngā hua rino

(2) Ngā konganuku kore-ferrous

(3) Tikanga whakamātautau me te tukanga tātari o ngā rauemi whakarewa

(4) Ngā rauemi hanga

(5) Ngā hua hinu, ngā hinu whakahinuhinu me ngā wahie pūngoi

(6) Ngā peita, ngā paninga e pā ana me ngā matū kakara

(7) Ngā kakahu me ngā rauemi

(8) Kirihou

(9) Rāpa

(10) Ngā ārai hiko me ngā hikohiko

(11) Hangarau wai me te taiao

(12) Pūngao karihi, pūngao rā

(13) Ngā taputapu me ngā ratonga hauora

(14) Ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga whakamātautau whānui

(15) Ngā hua ahumahi whānui, ngā matū motuhake me ngā taonga pau

ANSI:He rōpū paerewa kore-moni te National Standards Institute o te Hononga o Amerika. Engari kua huri hei National Standardization Center; kei te taha tonu o ia ngā mahi paerewa katoa. Mā roto i tēnei, ka mahi tahi te pūnaha kāwanatanga me te pūnaha ā-iwi, ā, ka whai wāhi hoki ki te piriti i waenganui i te kāwanatanga ā-motu me te pūnaha paerewa ā-iwi. Ka whakarite, ka ārahi hoki i ngā mahi paerewa ā-motu, ka āwhina i te whakatakoto paerewa, te rangahau me te whakamahi i ngā waeine, ā, ka whakarato i ngā mōhiohio paerewa ā-rohe me te ao. Ka whai wāhi anō hoki ki te mahi whakahaere.

Kāore te National Standards Institute o te Hononga o Amerika e whakatakoto paerewa māna anō. Ko ngā huarahi e toru e whai ake nei ka whakamahia mō te whakarite i tana paerewa ANSI:

1. Ko ngā wāhanga e tika ana te kawenga mō te tuhi, te tono i ngā tohunga, i ngā rōpū ngaio rānei ki te pōti, me te tuku i ngā hua ki te hui arotake paerewa i whakatūria e ANSI hei arotake me te whakaae. Ka kiia tēnei tikanga ko te tikanga pōti.

2. Mā ngā māngai o te Komiti i whakatūria e te komiti hangarau o ANSI me ētahi atu whare wānanga e whakarite ngā tauira paerewa, ā, me pōti ngā mema katoa, ā, i te mutunga ka arotakehia, ka whakaaetia hoki e te komiti arotake paerewa. Ka kiia tēnei tikanga ko te ture Komihana.

3. E ai ki ngā paerewa i whakatakotoria e ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā rōpū, ko te hunga kua pakeke, ā, he nui te hiranga ki te motu katoa ka whakapai ake ki ngā paerewa ā-motu (ANSI) i muri i te arotakenga e ngā komiti hangarau o ANSI, ā, me tapa ki te waehere paerewa ANSI me te tau whakarōpūtanga, engari me pupuri tonu te waehere paerewa ngaio taketake.

Ko ngā paerewa o te National Standards Institute of America i ahu mai i ngā paerewa ngaio. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā rōpū te whakatakoto i ētahi paerewa hua e ai ki ngā paerewa ā-motu o nāianei. Ae, ka taea hoki e tātou te whakatakoto i ā tātou ake paerewa Rōpū me te kore e tutuki i ngā paerewa ā-motu. He mea tūao ngā paerewa o te ANSI. E whakapono ana te Hononga o Amerika ka taea e ngā paerewa whakahau te whakawhāiti i ngā pikinga hua. Heoi, ko ngā paerewa i whakahuatia e te ture, ā, i hangaia e ngā tari kāwanatanga, he paerewa whakahau te nuinga.

ASMEKo te nuinga o te wā e mahi ana ki te whakawhanake i te pūtaiao me te hangarau i roto i te miihini me ngā mara e pā ana, te whakatenatena i te rangahau taketake, te whakatairanga i ngā whakawhitiwhiti mātauranga, te whakawhanake i te mahi tahi me ētahi atu miihini me ngā whakahaere, te whakahaere i ngā mahi paerewa me te whakatakoto i ngā waehere me ngā paerewa miihini. Mai i tōna tīmatanga, kua ārahi a ASME i te whanaketanga o ngā paerewa miihini, ā, neke atu i te 600 ngā paerewa kua whakawhanakehia mai i ngā paerewa miro tuatahi tae noa ki nāianei. I te tau 1911, i whakatūria te komiti tohutohu miihini poiha, ā, i tukuna te tohutohu miihini mai i te tau 1914 ki te 1915, i honoa ki ngā ture o ngā whenua me Kanata. Kua riro a ASME hei whakahaere miihini o te ao i roto i ngā mara o te hangarau, te mātauranga me te rangahau.

APIHe tari whakatakoto paerewa kua whakaaetia a ANSI. Ko tana whakatakotoranga paerewa e whai ana i ngā paerewa whakaritenga me te tukanga whakatakotoranga o ANSI, ā, i hangaia ngātahitia hoki e te API ngā paerewa me te ASTM. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā paerewa API e ngā umanga i Haina, ā, e whakaaetia ana e ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga ā-motu me ā-rohe o te Hononga o Amerika, tae atu ki te Tari Waka, te Manatū Tiaki, te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi, te Tari Tikanga o te Hononga o Amerika, te Tari Tiaki Taiao, te Tari Rangahau Whenua o te Hononga o Amerika. Ka whakahuatia ēnei e ngā tari kāwanatanga, ā, ka whakahuatia hoki e ISO, e te whakahaere ine ture o te ao, me te neke atu i te 100 ngā paerewa ā-motu puta noa i te ao.

APIE whakamahia whānuitia ana te paerewa e ngā umanga i Haina, ā, e whakahuatia ana e ngā ture me ngā whakaritenga ā-motu me ā-rohe o te Hononga o Amerika, tae atu ki ngā tari kāwanatanga pēnei i te Manatū Waka, te Manatū Tiaki, te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi, te Tari Tikanga o te Hononga o Amerika, te Tari Tiaki Taiao, te Tari Rangahau Whenua o te Hononga o Amerika, me ētahi atu, engari e whakahuatia ana hoki e ISO, te whakahaere ine ture o te ao me te neke atu i te 100 paerewa ā-motu o te ao.

Ngā rerekētanga me ngā hononga

He tautoko ēnei paerewa e whā, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei tohutoro. Hei tauira, ko ngā paerewa ASME i roto i ngā rauemi i ahu mai i te ASTM, ā, ko te API e whakamahia ana mō ngā paerewa takirere, ko ngā hononga paipa ia, i ahu mai i te ANSI. Ko te rerekētanga ko te arotahi o te umanga ki ngā paerewa rerekē, nō reira he rerekē ngā paerewa e whakamahia ana. Ko te API, ASTM, ASME katoa he mema o te ANSI.

Ko ngā paerewa o te National Standards Institute of America i ahu mai i ngā paerewa ngaio. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki e ngā rōpū ngaio me ngā whakahaere te whakatakoto i ētahi paerewa hua e ai ki ngā paerewa ā-motu o nāianei. Heoi anō, ka taea hoki e tātou te whakatakoto i ā tātou ake paerewa Whakahaere me te kore e tutuki i ngā paerewa ā-motu.

Kāore a ASME e mahi i ngā mahi motuhake, ā, kua tata oti te mahi whakamātautau me te hanga e ANSI me ASTM. Ko ngā waehere anake e mōhiotia ana e ASME mō tā rātou ake whakamahinga, nō reira he maha ngā wā ka kitea ko te tau paerewa e whakahuatia ana he rite tonu te ihirangi.

Hikelokngā hononga ngongome ngā taputaputakirere tirotiro, takirere pōro, takirere ngirame ētahi atu e tutuki ana i te paerewa ASTM, ANSI, ASME me te API.