ASTM, ANSI, ASME uye API

ASTM: Sangano reAmerican for Testing and MaterialsANSI: American National Standards InstituteASME: Sangano reAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersAPI: American Petroleum Institute

Nhanganyaya

ASTM: American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) yaimbova International Association for testing materials (IATM). Muma1980, kuitira kugadzirisa mafungiro nekusiyana pakati pemutengi nemutengesi panguva yekutenga nekutengesa zvinhu zvemaindasitiri, vamwe vanhu vakakurudzira kuumba sisitimu yekomiti yehunyanzvi, uye komiti yehunyanzvi yakaronga vamiriri vanobva kumativi ese kuti vatore chikamu muTechnical Symposium kuti vakurukure nekugadzirisa nyaya dzemakakatanwa ane chekuita netsanangudzo yezvinhu uye maitiro ekuyedza. Musangano wekutanga weIATM wakaitwa muEurope muna 1882, apo komiti yekushanda yakaumbwa.

ANSI: American National Standards Institute (ANSI) yakavambwa muna 1918. Panguva iyoyo, mabhizinesi mazhinji nemapoka ehunyanzvi muUnited States akatanga basa rekuenzanisa, asi pakanga paine kusawirirana nematambudziko akawanda nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekubatana pakati pavo. Kuti vawedzere kuvandudza mashandiro, mazana emasangano esainzi netekinoroji, masangano emasangano nemapoka ese anotenda kuti zvakakosha kutanga sangano rekuenzanisa rakasiyana uye kugadzira mwero wakabatana.

ASME: American Society of mechanical engineers yakavambwa muna 1880. Iye zvino yava sangano redzidzo netekinoroji risingabatsiri pasi rose rine nhengo dzinopfuura 125000 pasi rose. Sezvo makambani akasiyana-siyana mundima yeinjiniya ari kuwedzera, bhuku reASME rinopawo ruzivo nezve tekinoroji yemiganhu yemasangano akasiyana-siyana. Zvidzidzo zvakafukidzwa zvinosanganisira: engineering yekutanga, kugadzira, dhizaini yesystem nezvimwewo.

API:API Ipfupiso yeAmerican Petroleum Institute. API yakavambwa muna 1919, ndiyo sangano rekutanga rebhizinesi renyika muUnited States, uye imwe yemakamuri ekutanga uye akabudirira kwazvo ekugadza mwero pasi rose.

Mabasa

ASTMinonyanya kuita basa rekugadzira hunhu uye mwero wekushanda kwezvinhu, zvigadzirwa, masisitimu nemasevhisi, uye kuparadzira ruzivo rwakakodzera. Mwero weASTM unogadzirwa nekomiti yehunyanzvi uye unonyorwa neboka rinoshanda remiyero. Kunyangwe hazvoASTMzviyero zvinoumbwa nemapoka edzidzo asina kunyorwa, zviyero zveASTM zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu gumi nemashanu, huwandu hwakabudiswa, uye kupatsanurwa nehuwandu hwezviyero ndeizvi:

Kupatsanura:

(1) Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi

(2) Simbi dzisina feri

(3) Nzira yekuedza uye maitiro ekuongorora zvinhu zvesimbi

(4) Zvishandiso zvekuvaka

(5) Zvigadzirwa zvemafuta, mafuta ekufambisa uye mafuta efossil

(6) Pendi, mapendi akafanana uye zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira

(7) Machira nezvinhu

(8) Purasitiki

(9) Rabha

(10) Zvidziviriro zvemagetsi nemagetsi

(11) Tekinoroji yemvura nezvakatipoteredza

(12) Simba renyukireya, simba rezuva

(13) Midziyo yekurapa nemasevhisi

(14) Zvishandiso uye nzira dzekuedza dzakawanda

(15) Zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri, makemikari akakosha uye zvinodyiwa

ANSI:Sangano reNational Standards Institute reUnited States iboka risingatsvage purofiti risingatsvage purofiti. Asi rave National Standardization Center kutaura chokwadi; mabasa ese ekuenzanisa ari pedyo naro. Kuburikidza naro, hurongwa hwehurumende hwakakodzera uye hurongwa hwehurumende zvinoshandira pamwe chete, uye zvinotamba basa rekubatanidza hurumende yemubatanidzwa nehurongwa hwevanhu hwekuenzanisa. Rinoronga uye rinotungamira mabasa ekuenzanisa enyika, rinobatsira kuumbwa kwemitemo, kutsvagisa nekushandisa mayuniti, uye rinopa ruzivo rwekuenzanisa kwenyika nedzepasi rose. Rinoitawo basa rechikamu chekutonga.

Sangano reNational Standards Institute reUnited States hariwanzogadzi mitemo pachayo. Nzira nhatu dzinotevera dzinoshandiswa pakugadzirira mwero waro weANSI:

1. Mapoka akakodzera achava nebasa rekunyora, kukoka nyanzvi kana mapoka ehunyanzvi kuti vavhote, uye kutumira zvabuda kumusangano wekuongorora zviyero wakagadzwa neANSI kuti uongororwe uye ubvumidzwe. Nzira iyi inonzi nzira yekuongorora.

2. Vamiriri veKomiti vakarongwa nekomiti yehunyanzvi yeANSI nedzimwe nzvimbo ndivo vachagadzira gwaro remitemo, uye nhengo dzese dzichavhota, uye pakupedzisira dzichaongororwa uye kutenderwa nekomiti yekuongorora mitemo. Nzira iyi inonzi mutemo weKomisheni.

3. Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemasangano evashandi nemasangano evashandi, avo vakura uye vane kukosha kukuru kunyika yese vachakwidziridzwa kusvika kumazinga enyika (ANSI) mushure mekuongororwa nemakomiti ehunyanzvi eANSI, uye vachanyorwa nekodhi yeANSI uye nhamba yekupatsanura, asi kodhi yepakutanga yehunyanzvi inofanira kuchengetwa panguva imwe chete.

Mitemo yeNational Standards Institute of America inonyanya kubva pamitemo yehunyanzvi. Kune rumwe rutivi, masangano ehunyanzvi nemasangano anogonawo kugadzira mimwe mitemo yezvigadzirwa zvichienderana nemitemo yenyika iripo. Ehe, tinogonawo kugadza mitemo yedu yeSangano tisingatevedzere mitemo yenyika. Mitemo yeANSI ndeyekuzvidira. United States inotenda kuti mitemo inosungirwa inogona kudzikamisa kubudirira kwekubudirira. Zvisinei, mitemo inotaurwa nemutemo uye yakagadzirwa nemadhipatimendi ehurumende inowanzo kuve mitemo inosungirwa.

AVaridzi vechidiki: Vakanyanya kuita basa rekusimudzira sainzi netekinoroji muinjiniya yemakanika neminda yakabatana nayo, vachikurudzira kutsvagisa kwekutanga, vachikurudzira kuchinjana kwedzidzo, vachivandudza kushandira pamwe nemamwe mainjiniya nemasangano, vachiita mabasa ekuenzanisa uye kugadzira makodhi emakanika nemipimo. Kubva payakatanga, ASME yakatungamira kuvandudzwa kwemipimo yemakanika, uye yakagadzira zviyero zvinopfuura mazana matanhatu kubva pamiyero yekutanga yeshinda kusvika pari zvino. Muna 1911, komiti yemirairo yemakanika emakanika yakatangwa, uye mirairo yemakanika yakaburitswa kubva muna 1914 kusvika 1915, iyo yakabatanidzwa nemitemo yenyika dzakasiyana siyana neCanada. ASME yave sangano remainjiniya pasi rose muminda yetekinoroji, dzidzo nekuferefeta.

API: isangano rakatenderwa reANSI. Kuumbwa kwaro kwakajairika kunotevera mwero wekubatana uye maitiro ekugadzira weANSI, API yakaumbwa pamwe chete uye yakaburitswa pamwe chete neASTM. Mwero weAPI unoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemabhizinesi muChina uye unogamuchirwa nemitemo yenyika neyematunhu nemirau yeUnited States, pamwe neDhipatimendi rekufambisa, Ministry of defense, occupational safety and health administration, United States Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, United States Geological Survey Bureau. Zvinotaurwa nemasangano ehurumende, uye zvinotaurwawo neISO, sangano repasi rose re metrology uye mwero wenyika unopfuura zana pasi rose.

API: mwero uyu unoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemabhizinesi muChina uye unotaurwa nemitemo yenyika nematunhu eUnited States, pamwe nemasangano ehurumende akadai seMinistry of transport, Ministry of defense, occupational safety and health management, United States Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, United States Geological Survey Bureau, nezvimwewo, asi zvakare unotaurwa neISO, international legal metrology organization uye anopfuura zana emitemo yenyika pasi rose.

Kusiyana uye kubatana

Matanho mana aya anopindirana uye anogona kushandiswa senzira yekutarisa. Semuenzaniso, ASME standards muzvinhu zvinobva kuASTM, uye API inoshandiswa pamatanho evharuvhu, nepo pakuisa pombi, inobva kuANSI. Musiyano ndewekuti indasitiri inotarisa pane zvakasiyana, saka matanho anoshandiswa akasiyana. API, ASTM, ASME dzese inhengo dzeANSI.

Mitemo yeNational Standards Institute of America inonyanya kubva pamitemo yehunyanzvi. Kune rumwe rutivi, masangano ehunyanzvi nemasangano anogonawo kugadzira mimwe mitemo yezvigadzirwa zvichienderana nemitemo yenyika iripo. Ehe, tinogonawo kugadza mitemo yedu yeSangano tisingatevedzere mitemo yenyika.

ASME haiite basa rakati, uye basa rekuyedza nekugadzirisa zvinhu rava kuda kupedzwa neANSI neASTM. ASME inongoziva makodhi aya kuti ashandiswe ega, saka zvinowanzoonekwa kuti nhamba yakajairwa inodzokororwa ine zviri mukati zvakafanana.

Hikelokzvigadziko zvechubhuuye hunyanzvi hwekushandisa zviridzwavharuvhu yekutarisa, vharuvhu yebhora, vharuvhu yetsononezvimwewo zvinosangana neASTM, ANSI, ASME uye API standard.