I-ASTM, i-ANSI, i-ASME kunye ne-API

I-ASTM: I-American Society for Testing and MaterialsI-ANSII-American National Standards Institute: I-American National Standards InstituteI-ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical EngineersI-API: I-American Petroleum Institute

Intshayelelo

I-ASTM: I-American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) yayisakuba yi-International Association for testing materials (IATM). Kwiminyaka yoo-1980, ukuze kusonjululwe izimvo kunye nomahluko phakathi komthengi kunye nomthengisi kwinkqubo yokuthenga nokuthengisa izixhobo zoshishino, abanye abantu bacebise ukuseka inkqubo yekomiti yobugcisa, kwaye ikomiti yobugcisa yaququzelela abameli abavela kuzo zonke iinkalo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwi-Technical Symposium ukuze baxoxe kwaye basombulule imiba yengxabano malunga neenkcukacha zezinto kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo. Intlanganiso yokuqala ye-IATM yabanjwa eYurophu ngo-1882, apho kwasekwa ikomiti esebenzayo.

I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) yasekwa ngo-1918. Ngelo xesha, amashishini amaninzi kunye namaqela obuchwephesha kunye nobuchwephesha eMelika aqala umsebenzi wokumisela umgangatho, kodwa kwakukho ukungqubana okuninzi kunye neengxaki ngenxa yokungabikho konxibelelwano phakathi kwawo. Ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle, amakhulu emibutho yesayensi kunye netekhnoloji, imibutho kunye namaqela onke akholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuseka umbutho okhethekileyo wokumisela umgangatho kunye nokwenza umgangatho ofanayo odibeneyo.

I-ASME: I-American Society of mechanical engineers yasekwa ngo-1880. Ngoku sele ingumbutho wezemfundo nobuchwepheshe ongenzi nzuzo wamazwe ngamazwe onamalungu angaphezu kwe-125000 kwihlabathi liphela. Njengoko icandelo lezifundo ezahlukeneyo kwicandelo lobunjineli lisanda, ushicilelo lwe-ASME lukwabonelela ngolwazi malunga netekhnoloji yemida eyahlukeneyo. Izifundo ezigutyungelweyo ziquka: ubunjineli obusisiseko, imveliso, uyilo lwenkqubo njalo njalo.

I-API:API Sisifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute. I-API yasekwa ngo-1919, ngumbutho wokuqala wezorhwebo wesizwe e-United States, kwaye yenye yezona gumbi zokuqala neziphumeleleyo zokubeka imigangatho ehlabathini.

Iimbopheleleko

I-ASTMIbandakanyeka kakhulu ekuqulunqweni kweempawu kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza kwezixhobo, iimveliso, iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo, kwaye isasaza ulwazi olufanelekileyo. Imigangatho ye-ASTM iphuhliswa yikomiti yobugcisa kwaye ibhalwe liqela elisebenzayo lemigangatho. Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho iyasebenza.I-ASTMimigangatho yimigangatho eyenziwe ngamaqela ezemfundo angekho mthethweni, imigangatho ye-ASTM yahlulwe yangamacandelo ali-15, umthamo upapashwe, kwaye udidi kunye nomthamo wemigangatho zezi zilandelayo:

Udidi:

(1) Iimveliso zentsimbi

(2) Iintsimbi ezingezizo ezomileyo

(3) Indlela yokuvavanya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlalutya izinto zesinyithi

(4) Izixhobo zokwakha

(5) Iimveliso zepetroliyam, izinto zokuthambisa kunye namafutha efosili

(6) Iipeyinti, iipeyinti ezinxulumene noko kunye neekhompawundi zevumba elimnandi

(7) Amalaphu kunye nezinto

(8) Iplastiki

(9) Irabha

(10) Izigqubutheli zombane kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki

(11) Itekhnoloji yamanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo

(12) Amandla enyukliya, amandla elanga

(13) Izixhobo zonyango kunye neenkonzo

(14) Izixhobo kunye neendlela zovavanyo ngokubanzi

(15) Iimveliso zoshishino ngokubanzi, iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo

AI-NSI:I-National Standards Institute yase-United States liqela elingenzi nzuzo elingenzi nzuzo elingenzi nzuzo. Kodwa sele liyiNational Standardization Center; yonke imisebenzi yokulinganisa ijikeleze yona. Ngayo, inkqubo karhulumente efanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yoluntu ziyasebenzisana, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo phakathi korhulumente wobumbano kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa yabantu. Iququzelela kwaye ikhokela imisebenzi yokulinganisa kazwelonke, inceda ekwenziweni kwemigangatho, uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeyunithi, kwaye ibonelela ngolwazi lokulinganisa lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Ikwadlala indima yecandelo lolawulo.

I-National Standards Institute yase-United States ayisoloko ibeka imigangatho ngokwayo. Ezi ndlela zintathu zilandelayo ziyasetyenziswa ukulungiselela umgangatho wayo we-ANSI:

1. Iiyunithi ezifanelekileyo ziya kuba noxanduva lokubhala, ukumema iingcali okanye amaqela eengcali ukuba avote, kunye nokungenisa iziphumo kwintlanganiso yokuhlolwa kwemigangatho esekwe yi-ANSI ukuze ihlolwe kwaye ivunywe. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yindlela yokuvota.

2. Abameli beKomiti eququzelelwe yikomiti yobugcisa ye-ANSI kunye nezinye iziko baya kulungiselela imigangatho eyilwayo, kwaye onke amalungu aya kuvota, kwaye ekugqibeleni ihlolwe kwaye ivunywe yikomiti yokuphonononga imigangatho. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho weKhomishini.

3. Ngokwemigangatho eyenziwe yimibutho yobungcali kunye nemibutho, abo bakhulileyo nababaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwe baya kuphuculwa baye kwimigangatho yesizwe (ANSI) emva kokuba behlolwe ziikomiti zobugcisa ze-ANSI, kwaye baya kubhalwa ngekhowudi esemgangathweni ye-ANSI kunye nenombolo yohlulo, kodwa ikhowudi yomgangatho wobungcali yokuqala iya kugcinwa ngaxeshanye.

Imigangatho yeNational Standards Institute of America ikakhulu ivela kwimigangatho yobungcali. Kwelinye icala, imibutho yobungcali kunye nemibutho inokwenza imigangatho ethile yemveliso ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo. Kakade ke, singazibekela nemigangatho yethu yoMbutho ngaphandle kokuthobela imigangatho yesizwe. Imigangatho ye-ANSI yeyokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuba imigangatho enyanzelekileyo inokunciphisa inzuzo yemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho ecatshulwe ngumthetho kwaye yenziwe ngamasebe karhulumente ngokubanzi yimigangatho enyanzelekileyo.

AI-SME: ikakhulu ibandakanyeka kuphuhliso lwesayensi netekhnoloji kubunjineli boomatshini kunye namacandelo anxulumene noko, ikhuthaza uphando olusisiseko, ikhuthaza ukutshintshiselana kwezemfundo, iphuhlisa intsebenziswano nezinye iinjineli kunye nemibutho, iqhuba imisebenzi yokulinganisa kunye nokwenza iikhowudi kunye nemigangatho yoomatshini. Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, i-ASME ikhokele uphuhliso lwemigangatho yoomatshini, kwaye iphuhlise imigangatho engaphezulu kwama-600 ukusuka kwimigangatho yokuqala yomsonto ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngo-1911, ikomiti yemiyalelo yoomatshini bebhoyila yasekwa, kwaye umyalelo woomatshini wakhutshwa ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya ku-1915, owadibaniswa nemithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye neKhanada. I-ASME ibe yintlangano yobunjineli yehlabathi kwiinkalo zobuchwepheshe, imfundo kunye nophando.

API: yiarhente yokumisela umgangatho evunyiweyo ye-ANSI. Uyilo lwayo olusemgangathweni lulandela imigangatho yenkqubo yokulungelelanisa kunye nokulungiselela ye-ANSI, i-API nayo equlunqwe kunye kwaye yapapashwa imigangatho kunye ne-ASTM. Imigangatho ye-API isetyenziswa kakhulu ngamashishini eTshayina kwaye yamkelwa yimithetho nemigaqo karhulumente kunye neyombuso yase-United States, kunye neSebe lezoThutho, uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo, ulawulo loKhuseleko emsebenzini kunye nempilo, i-United States Customs, i-arhente yokukhusela okusingqongileyo, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau. Zicatshulwe ziiarhente zikarhulumente, kwaye zikwacatshulwe yi-ISO, umbutho we-metrology wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigangatho yesizwe engaphezu kwe-100 kwihlabathi liphela.

API: lo mgangatho usetyenziswa kakhulu ngamashishini aseTshayina kwaye ucatshulwe yimithetho nemigaqo karhulumente kunye neyelizwe lase-United States, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezifana neSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, ulawulo lokhuseleko emsebenzini kunye nempilo, i-United States Customs, i-arhente yokukhusela okusingqongileyo, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau, njl.njl., kodwa ucatshulwe yi-ISO, umbutho we-metrology wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigangatho yesizwe engaphezu kwe-100 ehlabathini.

Umahluko kunye nonxibelelwano

Le migangatho mine iyahambelana kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukubhekisa. Umzekelo, imigangatho ye-ASME kwizinto ezivela kwi-ASTM, kwaye i-API isetyenziselwa imigangatho yevalvu, ngelixa kwizixhobo zokufaka iipayipi, zivela kwi-ANSI. Umahluko kukuba eli shishini ligxila kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke imigangatho eyamkelweyo yahlukile. I-API, i-ASTM, i-ASME zonke zingamalungu e-ANSI.

Imigangatho yeNational Standards Institute of America ikakhulu ivela kwimigangatho yobungcali. Kwelinye icala, imibutho yobungcali kunye nemibutho inokwenza imigangatho ethile yemveliso ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo. Kakade ke, singazibekela nemigangatho yethu yoMbutho ngaphandle kokuthobela imigangatho yesizwe.

I-ASME ayenzi msebenzi uthile, kwaye umsebenzi wovavanyo kunye nowokwenza izinto sele ugqityiwe yi-ANSI kunye ne-ASTM. I-ASME iyaziqonda kuphela iikhowudi ukuze zisetyenziswe zona, ngoko ke kubonakala rhoqo ukuba inani eliqhelekileyo eliphindaphindwayo linomxholo ofanayo.

IHikelokizixhobo zetyhubhukunye nokufakelwa kwezixhoboivalvu yokujonga, ivalvu yebhola, ivalvu yenalitinjl.njl. ziyahlangabezana nomgangatho we-ASTM, ANSI, ASME kunye ne-API.