Njengoko sonke sisazi, izitishi zamandla obushushu zisebenzisa izixhobo zamalahle kunye neoyile ukuvelisa umbane, izitishi zamandla ombane ezisebenzisa amanzi zisebenzisa amandla eHydro ukuvelisa umbane, kwaye ukuveliswa kombane womoya kusebenzisa amandla omoya ukuvelisa umbane. Zisebenzisa ntoni izitishi zamandla enyukliya ukuvelisa umbane? Zisebenza njani? Zithini iingenelo kunye neengxaki?
1. Ulwakhiwo kunye nomgaqo wesikhululo samandla enyukliya
Isikhululo samandla senyukliya luhlobo olutsha lwesikhululo samandla esisebenzisa amandla akwi-nucleus yeathomu ukuvelisa amandla ombane emva kokuguqulwa. Sidla ngokuba namacandelo amabini: Isiqithi seNyukliya (N1) kunye nesiqithi esiqhelekileyo (CI). Isixhobo esiphambili kwisiqithi senyukliya yi-reactor yenyukliya kunye nejenereyitha yomphunga, ngelixa isixhobo esiphambili kwisiqithi esiqhelekileyo yi-turbine yegesi kunye nejenereyitha kunye nezixhobo zazo ezincedisayo.
Isikhululo samandla enyukliya sisebenzisa i-uranium, isinyithi esinzima kakhulu, njengezinto eziluhlaza. I-uranium isetyenziselwa ukwenza amafutha enyukliya ize iwafake kwi-reactor. Ukuqhekeka kwenzeka kwizixhobo ze-reactor ukuvelisa amandla amaninzi obushushu. Amanzi aphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu akhupha amandla obushushu aze avelise umphunga kwijenereyitha yomphunga ukuguqula amandla obushushu abe ngamandla oomatshini. Umphunga uqhuba i-turbine yegesi ukuba ijikeleze ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nejenereyitha, iguqule amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane, kwaye amandla ombane aya kuveliswa rhoqo. Lo ngumgaqo osebenzayo wesikhululo samandla enyukliya.
2. Iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kwamandla enyukliya
Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zamandla obushushu, izikhululo zamandla enyukliya zinezibonelelo zomthamo omncinci wenkunkuma, amandla aphezulu emveliso kunye nokukhutshwa okuncinci komoya. Izinto eziphambili zezixhobo zamandla obushushu ngamalahle. Ngokwedatha efanelekileyo, amandla akhutshwa ngokuqhekeka okupheleleyo kwe-1 kg ye-uranium-235 alingana namandla akhutshwa kukutshiswa kweetoni ezingama-2700 zamalahle aqhelekileyo, kunokubonwa ukuba inkunkuma yesikhululo samandla enyukliya incinci kakhulu kuneyesikhululo samandla obushushu, ngelixa amandla eyunithi eveliswayo ephezulu kakhulu kuneyesikhululo samandla obushushu. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho izinto zendalo ezinemisebe emalahleni, eziya kuvelisa inani elikhulu le-powder yothuthu enetyhefu kunye ne-radioactive kancinci emva kokutshiswa. Zikwakhutshwa ngqo kwindalo ngendlela yothuthu oluphumayo, nto leyo ebangela ungcoliseko olukhulu lomoya. Nangona kunjalo, izikhululo zamandla enyukliya zisebenzisa iindlela zokukhusela ukuthintela ukungcola ekukhutshweni kwindalo kwaye zikhusele indalo kwizinto ezinemisebe ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.
Nangona kunjalo, izitishi zamandla enyukliya nazo zijongene neengxaki ezimbini ezinzima. Enye kukungcoliswa kobushushu. Izitishi zamandla enyukliya ziya kukhupha ubushushu obuninzi kwindalo esingqongileyo kunezitishi zamandla ezishushu eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke ukungcoliswa kobushushu kwezitishi zamandla enyukliya kuyingozi kakhulu. Eyesibini yinkunkuma yenyukliya. Okwangoku, akukho ndlela ikhuselekileyo nehlala ihleli yonyango lwenkunkuma yenyukliya. Ngokubanzi, iyaqina ize igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina inkunkuma yesitishi samandla enyukliya, ize ithuthwe iye kwindawo emiselwe lilizwe ukuze igcinwe okanye ilungiswe emva kweminyaka emi-5-10.Nangona inkunkuma yenyukliya ingenakucinywa ngexesha elifutshane, ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yokugcina izinto luqinisekisiwe.
Kukwakho nengxaki eyenza abantu boyike xa bethetha ngamandla enyukliya - iingozi zenyukliya. Kubekho iingozi ezininzi ezinkulu zenyukliya kwimbali, ezibangele ukuvuza kwezinto ezinemisebe ezivela kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya ziye emoyeni, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo ongunaphakade ebantwini nakwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye uphuhliso lwamandla enyukliya luye lwama. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuwohloka kokusingqongileyo komoya kunye nokuncipha kancinci kwamandla, amandla enyukliya, njengamandla acocekileyo kuphela anokuthatha indawo yamafutha efosili ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, abuyele kumbono woluntu. Amazwe aqalise ukuqalisa kwakhona izityalo zamandla enyukliya. Kwelinye icala, aqinisa ulawulo lwezityalo zamandla enyukliya, acwangcise ngokutsha kwaye andise utyalo-mali. Kwelinye icala, aphucula izixhobo kunye netekhnoloji kwaye afuna indlela yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo yezityalo zamandla enyukliya. Emva kweminyaka yophuhliso, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwamandla enyukliya kuye kwaphuculwa ngakumbi. Amandla adluliselwa ngamandla enyukliya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngegridi yamandla nawo ayanda kancinci kancinci, kwaye aqala ukungena kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu.
3. Iivalvu zamandla enyukliya
Iivalvu zamandla enyukliya zibhekisa kwiivalvu ezisetyenziswa kwisiqithi senyukliya (N1), kwisiqithi esiqhelekileyo (CI) nakwiinkqubo zezibonelelo ezincedisayo zesikhululo samandla (BOP) kwizikhululo zamandla enyukliya. Ngokuphathelele kwinqanaba lokhuseleko, lahlulwe laba linqanaba lokhuseleko lwenyukliya I, II, III kunye nenqanaba elingelolenyukliya. Phakathi kwazo, iimfuno zenqanaba lokhuseleko lwenyukliya I zezona ziphezulu. Iivalvu zamandla enyukliya linani elikhulu lezixhobo zokulawula uthumelo oluphakathi ezisetyenziswa kwisikhululo samandla enyukliya, kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo nebalulekileyo yokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwesikhululo samandla enyukliya.
Kwishishini lamandla enyukliya, iivalvu zamandla enyukliya, njengenxalenye engabalulekanga, kufuneka zikhethwe ngononophelo. Ezi zinto zilandelayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe:
(1) Ulwakhiwo, ubungakanani bonxibelelwano, uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu, uyilo, ukwenziwa kunye novavanyo lovavanyo kufuneka kuhambelane neenkcukacha zoyilo kunye nemigangatho yoshishino lwamandla enyukliya;
(2) Uxinzelelo olusebenzayo luza kuhlangabezana neemfuno zoxinzelelo lwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo esityalo samandla enyukliya;
(3) Imveliso mayibe nokutywinwa okugqwesileyo, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokukrwela kunye nobomi obude benkonzo.
IHikelok ibizimisele ukubonelela ngeevalvu zezixhobo ezisemgangathweni kunye nezixhobo kwishishini lamandla enyukliya kangangeminyaka emininzi. Siye sathatha inxaxheba ngokulandelelana kwiiprojekthi zokubonelela ngezixhoboIsikhululo samandla enyukliya saseDaya Bay, Guangxi Fangchenggang iziko lamandla enyukliya, Isikhululo se-404 se-China National Nuclear Industry CorporationkwayeIZiko loPhando lwaMandla eNyukliyaSinokukhetha nokuvavanya izinto ngokungqongqo, iteknoloji yokucubungula esemgangathweni ophezulu, ulawulo olungqongqo lwenkqubo yemveliso, abasebenzi abangochwephesha bemveliso nokuhlola, kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lwazo zonke iikhonkco. Iimveliso zibe negalelo kushishino lwamandla enyukliya ngokusebenza okugqwesileyo kunye nolwakhiwo oluzinzileyo.
4. Ukuthengwa kweemveliso zamandla enyukliya
Iimveliso zeHikelok ziyilwe kwaye ziveliswa ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yoshishino lwamandla enyukliya, kwaye ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zeevalvu zezixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezinye iimveliso ezifunekayo kushishino lwamandla enyukliya kuzo zonke iinkalo.
Ukufakelwa kwetyhubhu ye-ferrule ezimbini: idlulileUvavanyo oluli-12 oluquka uvavanyo lokungcangcazela kunye novavanyo lobungqina bomoya, kwaye iphathwa ngetekhnoloji ye-carburizing ephucukileyo enobushushu obuphantsi, ebonelela ngesiqinisekiso esithembekileyo sokusetyenziswa kwe-ferrule; I-ferrule nut icutshungulwa nge-silver plating, ethintela isiganeko sokuluma ngexesha lokufakwa; Umsonto usebenzisa inkqubo yokuqengqeleka ukuphucula ubulukhuni kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yezihlanganisi. Ezi zixhobo zixhotyiswe ngokutywinwa okuthembekileyo, ukulwa nokuvuza, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukufakwa okulula, kwaye zinokuqhekeka kwaye ziqhekeke ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
Ukufakelwa kwe-weld yezixhobo: Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lunokuba yi-12600psi, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunokufikelela kwi-538 ℃, kwaye izinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo zinokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla. Ububanzi bangaphandle besiphelo se-welding se-weld fittings buhambelana nobukhulu be-tubing, kwaye bunokudityaniswa ne-tubing ye-welding. Uqhagamshelo lwe-welding lunokwahlulwa lube yi-metric system kunye ne-fractional system. Iifom ze-fittings ziquka i-union, i-elbow, i-tee kunye ne-cross, ezinokuzivumelanisa neentlobo ngeentlobo zezakhiwo zokufakela.
Ukufaka iityhubhu: Emva kokupolisha ngoomatshini, ukucola kunye nezinye iinkqubo, umphezulu wangaphandle wetyhubhu uyakhanya kwaye umphezulu wangaphakathi ucocekile. Uxinzelelo olusebenzayo lunokufikelela kwi-12000psi, ubunzima abudluli kwi-90HRB, uqhagamshelo ne-ferrule lugudileyo, kwaye ukutywinwa kuthembekile, okunokuthintela ngempumelelo ukuvuza ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthwala uxinzelelo. Kukho ubungakanani obahlukeneyo beenkqubo ze-metric kunye ne-fractional, kwaye ubude bunokwenziwa ngokwezifiso.
Ivalvu yenaliti: Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwivalvu yenaliti yesixhobo zisemgangathweni we-ASTM A182. Inkqubo yokubumba inesakhiwo sekristale esincinci kunye nokumelana okuqinileyo kokukrwela, okunokubonelela ngesitywina esithembekileyo nesiphindaphindayo. Isiseko sevalvu esinomfanekiso ojiyileyo sinokulungisa rhoqo nangokuncinci ukuhamba okuphakathi. Intloko yevalvu kunye nesihlalo sevalvu zitywina ezikhutshiweyo ukuphucula ubomi benkonzo yevalvu. Uyilo oluncinci luhlangabezana neemfuno zokufakelwa kwindawo encinci, kunye nokuqhaqha kunye nokugcinwa okulula kunye nobomi benkonzo ende.
Ivalvu yebhola:Umzimba wevalvu unesakhiwo esinye, esinamacala amabini, esidibeneyo kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Umphezulu wenziwe ngeeperi ezininzi ze-butterfly springs, ezinokumelana nokungcangcazela okunamandla. Ukubonelela ngesihlalo sevalvu yokutywina yesinyithi, i-torque encinci yokuvula nokuvala, uyilo olukhethekileyo lokupakisha, ukungavuzi, ukumelana nokugqwala okunamandla, ubomi benkonzo ende, kunye neepatheni ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba kwamanzi zinokukhethwa.
Ivalvu yokunceda ngokwemilinganiselo: njengoko igama lisitsho, ivalvu yokunciphisa umngcipheko sisixhobo sokukhusela esinomatshini, esinokubeka uxinzelelo lokuvula. Isebenza phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye ayichaphazeleki kangako luxinzelelo lomqolo. Xa uxinzelelo lwenkqubo lunyuka, ivalvu ivuleka kancinci ukuze ikhulule uxinzelelo lwenkqubo. Xa uxinzelelo lwenkqubo luhla ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olumiselweyo, ivalvu ivala kwakhona ngokukhawuleza, iqinisekisa ngokukhuselekileyo uzinzo loxinzelelo lwenkqubo, umthamo omncinci kunye nokugcinwa okulula.
Ivalvu etywiniweyo ngeBellows: ivalvu etywiniweyo ye-bellows isebenzisa i-bellows yesinyithi eyenziwe ngokuchanekileyo enokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla kunye nesiqinisekiso esithembekileyo ngakumbi somsebenzi owenziwa kwindawo. Intloko yevalvu isebenzisa uyilo olungajikeleziyo, kwaye isitywino sokukhupha singandisa ubomi benkonzo yevalvu. Ivalvu nganye idlula uvavanyo lwe-helium, ngokutywinwa okuthembekileyo, ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokufakelwa okulula.
IHikelok inoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso kunye neentlobo ezipheleleyo. Inokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokweemfuno zabathengi. Kamva, iinjineli ziya kukhokela ukufakwa kuyo yonke inkqubo, kwaye inkonzo emva kokuthengisa iya kuphendula ngexesha. Iimveliso ezingakumbi ezisetyenziswa kushishino lwamandla enyukliya zamkelekile ukuba kuboniswane nazo!
Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga noku-odola, nceda ujonge ukhethoiikhathalogukuvuliweIwebhusayithi esemthethweni kaHikelokUkuba unemibuzo yokukhetha, nceda unxibelelane nabasebenzi abangochwephesha bokuthengisa kwi-intanethi baseHikelok abasebenza iiyure ezingama-24.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-25-2022