I-ASTM: I-American Society for Testing and MaterialsI-ANSII-American National Standards Institute: Isikhungo Sezindinganiso ZikazwelonkeI-ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical EngineersI-API: I-American Petroleum Institute
Isingeniso
I-ASTM: I-American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) yayiyi-International Association for testing materials (IATM). Ngawo-1980, ukuze kuxazululwe imibono kanye nomehluko phakathi komthengi nomhlinzeki enkambisweni yokuthenga nokuthengisa izinto zezimboni, abanye abantu baphakamisa ukusungula uhlelo lwekomidi lobuchwepheshe, futhi ikomidi lobuchwepheshe lahlela abameleli bazo zonke izici ukuba bahlanganyele kwi-Technical Symposium ukuze baxoxe futhi baxazulule izinkinga zempikiswano mayelana nokucaciswa kwezinto kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola. Umhlangano wokuqala we-IATM wabanjelwa eYurophu ngo-1882, lapho kwakhiwa khona ikomidi elisebenzayo.
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) yasungulwa ngo-1918. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi amaningi namaqembu ochwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe e-United States aqala umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kodwa kwakukhona ukungqubuzana nezinkinga eziningi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwawo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, amakhulu ezinhlangano zesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zezinhlangano kanye namaqembu wonke akholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusungula inhlangano ekhethekile yokulinganisa kanye nokwakha indinganiso efanayo ehlangene.
I-ASME: I-American Society of mechanical engineers yasungulwa ngo-1880. Manje isibe yinhlangano yezemfundo nobuchwepheshe engenzi nzuzo yomhlaba wonke enamalungu angaphezu kuka-125000 emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba imikhakha eyahlukene emkhakheni wobunjiniyela ikhula, incwadi ye-ASME iphinde inikeze ulwazi ngobuchwepheshe bemingcele yemikhakha eyahlukene. Izihloko ezihlanganisiwe zifaka: ubunjiniyela obuyisisekelo, ukukhiqiza, ukuklama uhlelo nokunye.
I-API:API Yisifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute. I-API yasungulwa ngo-1919, iyinhlangano yokuqala yebhizinisi kazwelonke e-United States, futhi ingenye yezindawo zokuqala neziphumelelayo zokubeka amazinga emhlabeni.
Imithwalo yemfanelo
I-ASTMIhileleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezimpawu kanye nezindinganiso zokusebenza zezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo, izinhlelo kanye nezinsizakalo, futhi isabalalisa ulwazi olufanele. Izindinganiso ze-ASTM zakhiwa yikomidi lobuchwepheshe futhi zabhalwa yiqembu elisebenzayo lezindinganiso. NakubaI-ASTMIzindinganiso ziyizindinganiso ezakhiwe amaqembu ezemfundo angekho emthethweni, izindinganiso ze-ASTM zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezingu-15, ivolumu eshicilelwe, kanti ukuhlukaniswa kanye nevolumu yezindinganiso yilezi ezilandelayo:
Ukuhlukaniswa:
(1) Imikhiqizo yensimbi
(2) Izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous
(3) Indlela yokuhlola kanye nenqubo yokuhlaziya izinto zensimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, amafutha okugcoba kanye namafutha angaphansi komhlaba
(6) Upende, izembozo ezihlobene kanye nezinto ezinuka kamnandi
(7) Izindwangu nezinto zokwakha
(8) Ipulasitiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Izivikeli zikagesi kanye nezinto zikagesi
(11) Ubuchwepheshe bamanzi kanye nemvelo
(12) Amandla enuzi, amandla elanga
(13) Imishini yezokwelapha kanye nezinsizakalo
(14) Amathuluzi nezindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile
(15) Imikhiqizo yezimboni ejwayelekile, amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo
AI-NSI:I-National Standards Institute yase-United States iyiqembu elingenzi nzuzo elingenzi nzuzo elingenzi nzuzo. Kodwa empeleni seliyiNational Standardization Center; yonke imisebenzi yokulinganisa iseduze nalo. Ngalo, uhlelo lukahulumeni olufanele kanye nohlelo lomphakathi kuyasebenzisana, futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile phakathi kukahulumeni wobumbano kanye nohlelo lokulinganisa lwabantu. Ixhumanisa futhi iqondise imisebenzi yokulinganisa kazwelonke, isiza ekwakhiweni kwezindinganiso, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamayunithi, futhi ihlinzeka ngolwazi lokulinganisa lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Iphinde idlale indima yesigaba sokuphatha.
I-National Standards Institute yase-United States ayivami ukuzibekela izindinganiso ngokwayo. Izindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo ziyasetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni indinganiso yayo ye-ANSI:
1. Amayunithi afanele azoba nesibopho sokubhala, ukumema ochwepheshe noma amaqembu ochwepheshe ukuthi avote, kanye nokuthumela imiphumela emhlanganweni wokubuyekezwa kwezindinganiso osungulwe yi-ANSI ukuze ubuyekezwe futhi uvunywe. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuvota.
2. Abameleli beKomidi abahlelwe yikomidi lobuchwepheshe le-ANSI nezinye izikhungo bazolungisa amazinga ohlaka, futhi wonke amalungu azovota, futhi ekugcineni abuyekezwe futhi avunyelwe yikomidi lokubuyekeza amazinga. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho weKhomishini.
3. Ngokwezindinganiso eziklanywe yizinhlangano zobungcweti kanye nezinhlangano, labo abavuthiwe futhi ababaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke bazothuthukiswa baye ezindinganisweni zikazwelonke (i-ANSI) ngemva kokubuyekezwa yikomidi lobuchwepheshe le-ANSI, futhi bazobhalwa ngekhodi ejwayelekile ye-ANSI kanye nenombolo yokuhlukaniswa, kodwa ikhodi ejwayelekile yobungcweti yokuqala kufanele igcinwe ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Izindinganiso ze-National Standards Institute of America zisukela kakhulu ezindinganisweni zobungcweti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano zobungcweti kanye nezinhlangano zingakha nezindinganiso ezithile zomkhiqizo ngokwezindinganiso zezwe ezikhona. Yiqiniso, singazibekela nezindinganiso zethu ze-Association ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezindinganiso zezwe. Izindinganiso ze-ANSI zingezokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuthi izindinganiso eziphoqelekile zingase zinciphise izinzuzo zokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, izindinganiso ezicashunwe ngumthetho futhi zakhiwe yiminyango kahulumeni ngokuvamile ziyizindinganiso eziphoqelekile.
AAma-SME: ikakhulukazi bahileleke ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwezobunjiniyela bemishini kanye nezinkambu ezihlobene, bekhuthaza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo, bekhuthaza ukushintshana kwezemfundo, bethuthukisa ukubambisana nezinye izinhlangano zobunjiniyela, beqhuba imisebenzi yokulinganisa kanye nokwakha amakhodi nezindinganiso zemishini. Kusukela yasungulwa, i-ASME ihole ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zemishini, futhi ithuthukise amazinga angaphezu kuka-600 kusukela ezindinganisweni zokuqala zentambo kuze kube manje. Ngo-1911, kwasungulwa ikomidi lesiqondiso semishini yebhoyila, futhi isiqondiso semishini sakhishwa kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1915, esahlanganiswa nemithetho yezifundazwe ezahlukene kanye neCanada. I-ASME isibe yinhlangano yobunjiniyela yomhlaba wonke emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe, imfundo kanye nophenyo.
API: iyi-ejensi yokubeka amazinga evunyiwe ye-ANSI. Ukwakheka kwayo okujwayelekile kulandela amazinga enqubo yokuxhumanisa kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-ANSI, i-API nayo eyakhiwe futhi yashicilelwa ngokubambisana ne-ASTM. Izindinganiso ze-API zisetshenziswa kabanzi ngamabhizinisi eShayina futhi zamukelwa yimithetho nemigomo kahulumeni kanye neyesifundazwe yase-United States, kanye noMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, Ukuphathwa Kokuphepha Komsebenzi kanye Nezempilo, i-United States Customs, i-ejensi yokuvikela imvelo, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau. Zicashunwe yizikhungo zikahulumeni, futhi zicashunwe yi-ISO, inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ye-metrology kanye nezindinganiso zikazwelonke ezingaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni jikelele.
API: le nqubo isetshenziswa kabanzi ngamabhizinisi eShayina futhi icashunwa yimithetho nemigomo kahulumeni kanye neyesifundazwe yase-United States, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana noMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, ukuphathwa kokuphepha emsebenzini kanye nezempilo, i-United States Customs, i-ejensi yokuvikela imvelo, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau, njll., kodwa futhi icashunwa yi-ISO, inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe yokumetrology yezomthetho kanye nezindinganiso zezwe ezingaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni.
Umehluko kanye nokuxhumana
Lezi zindinganiso ezine ziyahambisana futhi zingasetshenziswa njengereferensi. Isibonelo, izindinganiso ze-ASME ezintweni ezibonakalayo zivela ku-ASTM, kanti i-API isetshenziselwa izindinganiso zamavalvu, kanti zokufakwa kwamapayipi, zivela ku-ANSI. Umehluko ukuthi imboni igxila kokuhlukile, ngakho-ke izindinganiso ezamukelwe zihlukile. I-API, i-ASTM, ne-ASME zonke zingamalungu e-ANSI.
Izindinganiso ze-National Standards Institute of America zivela kakhulu ezindinganisweni zobungcweti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano zobungcweti kanye nezinhlangano zingakha nezindinganiso ezithile zomkhiqizo ngokwezindinganiso zezwe ezikhona. Yiqiniso, singazibekela nezindinganiso zethu ze-Association ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezindinganiso zezwe.
I-ASME ayenzi umsebenzi othize, futhi umsebenzi wokuhlola nowokwakha cishe usuqediwe yi-ANSI ne-ASTM. I-ASME ibona amakhodi kuphela ukuze iwasebenzise, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubonakala ukuthi inombolo ejwayelekile ephindaphindwayo ingukuqukethwe okufanayo.
I-Hikelokukufakwa kwamapayipikanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbiivalvu yokuhlola, ivalvu yebhola, ivalvu yenalitinjll. ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-ASTM, ANSI, ASME kanye ne-API.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-23-2022