ASTM, ANSI, ASME ndi API

ASTM: American Society for Testing and MaterialsANSI: Bungwe la American National Standards InstituteASME: American Society of Mechanical EngineersAPI: American Petroleum Institute

Chiyambi

ASTM: American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) kale inali International Association for testing materials (IATM). M'zaka za m'ma 1980, pofuna kuthetsa maganizo ndi kusiyana pakati pa wogula ndi wogulitsa pakugula ndi kugulitsa zipangizo zamafakitale, anthu ena adapereka lingaliro lokhazikitsa dongosolo la komiti yaukadaulo, ndipo komiti yaukadaulo idakonza oimira ochokera mbali zonse kuti achite nawo Msonkhano Waukadaulo kuti akambirane ndikuthetsa mikangano yokhudza zofunikira zazinthu ndi njira zoyesera. Msonkhano woyamba wa IATM unachitika ku Europe mu 1882, pomwe komiti yogwira ntchito idakhazikitsidwa.

ANSI: American National Standards Institute (ANSI) idakhazikitsidwa mu 1918. Panthawiyo, mabizinesi ambiri ndi magulu aukadaulo ndi akatswiri ku United States adayamba ntchito yokhazikitsa miyezo, koma panali zotsutsana zambiri ndi mavuto chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pawo. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, mabungwe mazana ambiri asayansi ndi ukadaulo, mabungwe ogwirizana ndi magulu onse amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa bungwe lapadera lokhazikitsa miyezo ndikupanga muyezo umodzi wogwirizana.

ASME: American Society of mechanical engineers idakhazikitsidwa mu 1880. Tsopano yakhala bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lopanda phindu la maphunziro ndi ukadaulo lomwe lili ndi mamembala oposa 125000 padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene magulu osiyanasiyana aukadaulo akuchulukirachulukira, buku la ASME limaperekanso chidziwitso paukadaulo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mitu yomwe ikukambidwa ndi iyi: uinjiniya woyambira, kupanga, kapangidwe ka makina ndi zina zotero.

API:API Ndi chidule cha American Petroleum Institute. API idakhazikitsidwa mu 1919, ndi bungwe loyamba lazamalonda ku United States, komanso limodzi mwa mabungwe oyamba komanso opambana kwambiri okhazikitsa miyezo padziko lonse lapansi.

Maudindo

ASTMimagwira ntchito makamaka popanga makhalidwe ndi miyezo ya magwiridwe antchito a zipangizo, zinthu, machitidwe ndi ntchito, ndipo imafalitsa chidziwitso choyenera. Miyezo ya ASTM imapangidwa ndi komiti yaukadaulo ndikulembedwa ndi gulu logwira ntchito la miyezo. Ngakhale kutiASTMMiyezo ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi magulu osaphunzitsidwa, miyezo ya ASTM imagawidwa m'magulu 15, kuchuluka kwa mabuku ofalitsidwa, ndipo magulu ndi kuchuluka kwa miyezo ndi motere:

Gulu:

(1) Zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo

(2) Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo

(3) Njira yoyesera ndi njira yowunikira zinthu zachitsulo

(4) Zipangizo zomangira

(5) Zinthu zopangidwa ndi mafuta, mafuta odzola ndi mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zakale

(6) Utoto, zophimba zokhudzana nazo ndi zinthu zonunkhira

(7) Nsalu ndi zipangizo

(8) Pulasitiki

(9) Rabala

(10) Zotetezera magetsi ndi zamagetsi

(11) Ukadaulo wa madzi ndi chilengedwe

(12) Mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu ya dzuwa

(13) Zipangizo zachipatala ndi ntchito zake

(14) Zipangizo ndi njira zoyesera zambiri

(15) Zinthu zonse zamakampani, mankhwala apadera ndi zinthu zina zogwiritsidwa ntchito

ANSI:National Standards Institute of the United States ndi gulu lokhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lopanda phindu, lopanda phindu. Koma kwenikweni lakhala National Standardization Center; zochitika zonse zokhudzana ndi miyezo zili mozungulira. Kudzera mu izi, dongosolo la boma loyenera ndi dongosolo la anthu wamba zimagwirizana, ndipo zimagwira ntchito limodzi pakati pa boma la federal ndi dongosolo la anthu wamba. Limayendetsa ndikutsogolera zochitika za dziko lonse zokhazikitsa miyezo, limathandiza kupanga miyezo, kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi, komanso limapereka chidziwitso cha miyezo ya dziko ndi yapadziko lonse. Limachitanso gawo la bungwe loyang'anira.

Bungwe la National Standards Institute of the United States silikhazikitsa miyezo yokha nthawi zambiri. Njira zitatu zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera muyezo wake wa ANSI:

1. Magulu oyenerera adzakhala ndi udindo wolemba, kuitana akatswiri kapena magulu a akatswiri kuti avote, ndikupereka zotsatira zake ku msonkhano wowunikira miyezo womwe unakhazikitsidwa ndi ANSI kuti uunikenso ndikuvomerezedwa. Njirayi imatchedwa njira yofufuzira.

2. Oimira Komiti yokonzedwa ndi komiti yaukadaulo ya ANSI ndi mabungwe ena adzakonza zolembedwa za miyezo, ndipo mamembala onse adzavota, ndipo potsiriza adzawunikidwanso ndikuvomerezedwa ndi komiti yowunikira miyezo. Njirayi imatchedwa lamulo la Commission.

3. Malinga ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe a akatswiri, iwo omwe ali okhwima komanso ofunikira kwambiri mdziko lonse adzakwezedwa ku miyezo ya dziko (ANSI) atawunikidwanso ndi makomiti aukadaulo a ANSI, ndipo adzalembedwa ndi code yokhazikika ya ANSI ndi nambala yogawa, koma code yoyambirira yaukadaulo iyenera kusungidwa nthawi yomweyo.

Miyezo ya National Standards Institute of America imachokera makamaka ku miyezo ya akatswiri. Kumbali ina, mabungwe ndi mabungwe a akatswiri amathanso kupanga miyezo ina ya malonda malinga ndi miyezo ya dziko yomwe ilipo. Zachidziwikire, tikhozanso kukhazikitsa miyezo yathu ya Association popanda kutsatira miyezo ya dziko. Miyezo ya ANSI ndi yodzipereka. United States imakhulupirira kuti miyezo yovomerezeka ingachepetse phindu la zokolola. Komabe, miyezo yomwe yatchulidwa ndi lamulo ndipo yopangidwa ndi madipatimenti aboma nthawi zambiri imakhala miyezo yovomerezeka.

AMakampani Ochepa ndi Ang'onoang'ono: makamaka akuchita nawo chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo mu uinjiniya wamakina ndi magawo ena ofanana, kulimbikitsa kafukufuku woyambira, kulimbikitsa kusinthana kwamaphunziro, kupanga mgwirizano ndi uinjiniya wina ndi mabungwe ena, kuchita zochitika zokhazikika komanso kupanga ma code ndi miyezo yamakina. Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, ASME yatsogolera chitukuko cha miyezo yamakina, ndipo yapanga miyezo yoposa 600 kuyambira miyezo yoyambirira ya ulusi mpaka pano. Mu 1911, komiti yowongolera makina a boiler inakhazikitsidwa, ndipo malangizo amakina adaperekedwa kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1915, omwe adaphatikizidwa ndi malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi Canada. ASME yakhala bungwe la uinjiniya padziko lonse lapansi m'magawo aukadaulo, maphunziro ndi kafukufuku.

API: ndi bungwe lovomerezeka lokhazikitsa miyezo ya ANSI. Kupanga kwake kokhazikika kumatsatira miyezo yogwirizanitsa ndi kupanga mapangidwe a ANSI, API yomwe imapangidwanso pamodzi ndikufalitsidwa miyezo ndi ASTM. Miyezo ya API imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ku China ndipo imavomerezedwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo aboma ndi aboma a United States, komanso Dipatimenti Yoyendetsa, Unduna wa Zachitetezo, Chitetezo cha Ntchito ndi Ukhondo, United States Customs, bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe, United States Geological Survey Bureau. Amatchulidwa ndi mabungwe aboma, ndipo amatchulidwanso ndi ISO, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi loyang'anira zamalamulo ndi miyezo yadziko yoposa 100 padziko lonse lapansi.

API: muyezowu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ku China ndipo umatchulidwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo aboma ndi aboma a United States, komanso mabungwe aboma monga Unduna wa zamagalimoto, Unduna wa zachitetezo, kayendetsedwe ka chitetezo pantchito ndi thanzi, United States Customs, bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe, United States Geological Survey Bureau, ndi zina zotero, komanso umatchulidwanso ndi ISO, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi loyang'anira zamalamulo komanso miyezo yadziko yoposa 100 padziko lonse lapansi.

Kusiyana ndi kulumikizana

Miyezo inayi iyi ndi yogwirizana ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yofotokozera. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo ya ASME muzinthu ndi ya ASTM, ndipo API imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyezo ya ma valve, pomwe pa zolumikizira mapaipi, ndi ya ANSI. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti makampaniwa amayang'ana kwambiri zosiyana, kotero miyezo yomwe yatengedwa ndi yosiyana. API, ASTM, ASME zonse ndi mamembala a ANSI.

Miyezo ya National Standards Institute of America imachokera makamaka ku miyezo ya akatswiri. Kumbali ina, mabungwe ndi mabungwe a akatswiri amathanso kupanga miyezo ina ya malonda malinga ndi miyezo ya dziko yomwe ilipo. Inde, tingathenso kukhazikitsa miyezo yathu ya Association popanda kutsatira miyezo ya dziko.

ASME sichita ntchito yeniyeni, ndipo ntchito yoyesera ndi kupanga zinthu yatsala pang'ono kumalizidwa ndi ANSI ndi ASTM. ASME imangozindikira ma code kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito okha, kotero nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kuti nambala yobwerezabwereza yofanana ndi zomwe zili.

Hikelokzolumikizira zamachubundi zida zoimbiravalavu yoyezera, valavu ya mpira, valavu ya singanoetc. zimakwaniritsa muyezo wa ASTM, ANSI, ASME ndi API.