I-ASTM: Umbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye nezinto eziphathekayoANSI:IZIKO LEMIGANGATHO LESIZWE LAseMelikaASME: Umbutho waseMerika weeNjineli zobuNjineliAPI: Iziko lePetroleum laseMelika
Intshayelelo
I-ASTM: Umbutho waseMelika wokuvavanya kunye nezinto eziphathekayo (ASTM) wawufudula uMbutho weZizwe ngezizwe wezinto zokuvavanya (IATM).Kwiminyaka ye-1980, ukuze kulungiswe iimbono kunye nokungafani phakathi komthengi kunye nomthengisi kwinkqubo yokuthenga nokuthengisa izinto zoshishino, abanye abantu bacetywayo ukuseka inkqubo yekomiti yezobugcisa, kwaye ikomiti yobugcisa iququzelele abameli abavela kuzo zonke iinkalo zokuthatha inxaxheba. I-Technical Symposium ukuxoxa kunye nokusombulula imiba yempikiswano malunga neenkcukacha zezinto kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo.Intlanganiso yokuqala ye-IATM yabanjwa eYurophu ngo-1882, apho kwasekwa ikomiti esebenzayo.
ANSI: IZiko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika (ANSI) yasekwa ngowe-1918. Ngelo xesha, amashishini amaninzi kunye namaqela achwephesha kunye nobugcisa eUnited States aqala umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kodwa kwakukho ukuphikisana kunye neengxaki ezininzi ngenxa yokungabikho kolungelelwaniso phakathi kwabo.Ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle, amakhulukhulu emibutho yenzululwazi kunye neteknoloji, imibutho yemibutho kunye namaqela onke akholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuseka umbutho wokulinganisa okhethekileyo kunye nokuqulunqa umgangatho ofanayo odibeneyo.
ASME: Umbutho waseMelika weenjineli zoomatshini wasekwa ngo-1880. Ngoku sele ibe ngumbutho wemfundo engenzi nzuzo wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nobuchwepheshe obunamalungu angaphezu kwe-125000 ehlabathini lonke.Njengoko i-interdisciplinary cross-disciplinary kwinkalo yobunjineli isanda, upapasho lwe-ASME lukwabonelela ngolwazi malunga nobuchwephesha bomda wezohlukeneyo.Izifundo ezigutyungelwayo zibandakanya: ubunjineli obusisiseko, ukuvelisa, ukuyila inkqubo njalo njalo.
API:API Sisishunqulelo se-American Petroleum Institute.I-API yasekwa ngo-1919, ngumbutho wokuqala woshishino wesizwe e-United States, kwaye yenye yeyona migangatho yakuqala nenempumelelo yokubeka amagumbi ehlabathini.
Uxanduva
I-ASTMibandakanyeka ikakhulu ekwenziweni kweempawu kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza kwezinto, iimveliso, iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo, kwaye isasaza ulwazi olufanelekileyo.Imigangatho ye-ASTM iphuhliswa yikomiti yobugcisa kwaye iyilwe liqela elisebenza ngemigangatho.NangonaI-ASTMImigangatho yimigangatho equlunqwe ngamaqela ezemfundo angekho semthethweni, imigangatho ye-ASTM yahlulwe yangamacandelo ali-15, umthamo opapashwe, kunye nokuhlelwa kunye nomthamo wemigangatho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukuhlelwa:
(1) Iimveliso zentsimbi
(2) Iintsimbi ezingezizo intsimbi
(3) Indlela yokuvavanya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlalutya kwezinto zetsimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Iimveliso zepetroleum, izithambiso kunye nezibaso zefosili
(6) Iipeyinti, iingubo ezihambelanayo kunye neekhompawundi ezinevumba elimnandi
(7) Iimpahla kunye nezixhobo
(8) Iplastiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Ii-insulators zombane kunye ne-elektroniki
(11) Ubuchwepheshe bamanzi kunye nokusingqongileyo
(12) Amandla enyukliya, amandla elanga
(13) Izixhobo zonyango kunye neenkonzo
(14) Izixhobo kunye neendlela zokuvavanya ngokubanzi
(15) Iimveliso zemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi, iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo
ANSI:Iziko lemiGangatho yesiZwe lase-United States liqela elibeka emgangathweni elingenzi nzuzo elingenzi ngeniso.Kodwa iye yaba liZiko loMgangatho weSizwe enyanisweni;yonke imisebenzi yokubeka emgangathweni ikuyo.Ngayo, inkqubo karhulumente efanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yoluntu iyasebenzisana, kwaye idlala indima edibeneyo phakathi korhulumente wobumbano kunye nenkqubo yokumisela umgangatho.Ilungelelanisa kwaye ikhokele imisebenzi yokumisela umgangatho wesizwe, inceda ukuqulunqwa kwemigangatho, uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeyunithi, kwaye inikezela ngolwazi lomgangatho wasekhaya kunye nehlabathi jikelele.Ikwadlala indima yecandelo lolawulo.
IZiko leMigangatho yeSizwe laseUnited States alifane limisele imigangatho ngokwalo.Ezi ndlela zintathu zilandelayo zamkelwa ukulungiselela umgangatho wayo we-ANSI:
1. Iiyunithi ezichaphazelekayo ziya kuba noxanduva lokuyila, ukumema iingcali okanye amaqela eengcali ukuba avote, kwaye angenise iziphumo kwintlanganiso yokuphononongwa kwemigangatho esekwe yi-ANSI ukuze ihlaziywe kwaye ivunywe.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-poll method.
2. Abameli beKomiti ehlelwe yikomiti yezobugcisa ye-ANSI kunye namanye amaziko baya kulungiselela imigangatho eyilwayo, kwaye onke amalungu aya kuvota, kwaye ekugqibeleni ahlaziywe kwaye avunywe yikomiti yokuhlaziya imigangatho.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho weKomishoni.
3. Ngokwemigangatho equlunqwe yimibutho yobuchwephesha kunye nemibutho, abo baqolileyo kwaye babaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe lonke baya kuphuculwa kwimigangatho kazwelonke (ANSI) emva kokuphononongwa ziikomiti zobugcisa be-ANSI, kwaye baya kubhalwa nge-ANSI. ikhowudi esemgangathweni kunye nenombolo yokuhlelwa, kodwa ikhowudi yomgangatho wobugcisa bokuqala iya kugcinwa ngexesha elinye.
Imigangatho yeZiko lemiGangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ubukhulu becala isuka kwimigangatho yobungcali.Kwelinye icala, imibutho yeengcali kunye nemibutho inokuqulunqa imigangatho yemveliso ethile ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo.Kakade ke, sinokumisela eyethu imilinganiselo yoMbutho ngaphandle kokuthobela imilinganiselo yelizwe.Imigangatho ye-ANSI yeyokuzithandela.I-United States ikholelwa ukuba imigangatho enyanzelekileyo inokunciphisa ingeniso yemveliso.Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho ecatshulwe ngumthetho yaza yaqulunqwa ngamasebe karhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo iyimigangatho enyanzelekileyo.
AI-SME: ubukhulu becala libandakanyeka kuphuhliso lwesayensi kunye nethekhnoloji kubunjineli boomatshini kunye nemimandla ehambelana nayo, ukukhuthaza uphando olusisiseko, ukukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana kwezemfundo, ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano kunye nobunye ubunjineli kunye nemibutho, ukwenza imisebenzi yokulinganisa kunye nokuqulunqa iikhowudi zoomatshini kunye nemigangatho.Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo, i-ASME ikhokele uphuhliso lwemigangatho yoomatshini, kwaye iphuhlise imigangatho engaphezu kwama-600 ukusuka kwimigangatho yokuqala yomsonto ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Ngomnyaka we-1911, ikomiti yomyalelo womatshini webhoyila yasekwa, kwaye umyalelo womatshini wakhutshwa ukusuka kwi-1914 ukuya kwi-1915, ehlanganiswe nemithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye neKhanada.I-ASME ibe ngumbutho wobunjineli wehlabathi jikelele kumacandelo etekhnoloji, imfundo kunye nophando.
API: yi-arhente yokumisela umgangatho ovunyiweyo we-ANSI.Ukuqulunqwa kwayo okusemgangathweni kulandela imigangatho yenkqubo yokulungelelanisa kunye nokuqulunqwa kwe-ANSI, i-API nayo iqulunqwe ngokudibeneyo kunye nemigangatho epapashwe kunye ne-ASTM.Imigangatho ye-API isetyenziswa kakhulu ngamashishini e-China kwaye yamkelwa yimithetho kunye nemithetho yelizwe kunye nemimiselo yase-United States, kunye neSebe lezothutho, iSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, ukhuseleko emsebenzini kunye nolawulo lwezempilo, i-United States Customs, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. I-arhente, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau Zicatshulwe zii-arhente zikarhulumente, kwaye zikwacatshulwa yi-ISO, umbutho we-legal Metrology wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigangatho yesizwe engaphezu kwe-100 kwihlabathi jikelele.
API: umgangatho usetyenziswa kakhulu ngamashishini eTshayina kwaye ukhankanywa yimithetho kunye nemimiselo yelizwe laseMelika, kunye neearhente zikarhulumente ezifana neSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, ukhuseleko emsebenzini kunye nolawulo lwezempilo, iUnited States. States Customs, i-arhente yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau, njl. njl., kodwa ikwakhankanywa yi-ISO, umbutho wehlabathi jikelele we-metrology osemthethweni kunye nemigangatho yelizwe engaphezulu kwe-100 ehlabathini.
Umahluko kunye noqhagamshelwano
Le migangatho mine iyahambelana kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ireferensi.Ngokomzekelo, imigangatho ye-ASME kwizinto eziphathekayo zivela kwi-ASTM, kwaye i-API isetyenziselwa imigangatho yevalve, ngelixa ukufakwa kombhobho, zivela kwi-ANSI.Umahluko kukuba ishishini ligxile kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke imigangatho eyamkelweyo iyahluka.I-API, i-ASTM, i-ASME ngamalungu onke e-ANSI.
Imigangatho yeZiko lemiGangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ubukhulu becala isuka kwimigangatho yobungcali.Kwelinye icala, imibutho yeengcali kunye nemibutho inokuqulunqa imigangatho yemveliso ethile ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo.Kakade ke, sinokumisela eyethu imilinganiselo yoMbutho ngaphandle kokuthobela imilinganiselo yelizwe.
I-ASME ayenzi umsebenzi othile, kwaye umfuniselo kunye nomsebenzi woqulunqo sele ugqitywe yi-ANSI kunye ne-ASTM.I-ASME ibona kuphela iikhowudi zokusetyenziswa kwazo, ngoko ke kudla ngokubonwa ukuba inani eliqhelekileyo eliphindaphindiweyo ngumxholo ofanayo.
Hikelokizifakelo ityhubhukunye nezixhobokhangela ivalve, ivalve yebhola, ivalve yenalitietc ukuhlangabezana ASTM, ANSI, ASME kunye API umgangatho.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-23-2022