Njengoba sonke sazi, iziteshi zamandla ezishisayo zisebenzisa izinsiza zamalahle namafutha ukukhiqiza ugesi, iziteshi zamandla ezisebenzisa amanzi zisebenzisa i-Hydropower ukukhiqiza ugesi, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya kusebenzisa amandla omoya ukukhiqiza ugesi. Zisebenzisani iziteshi zamandla enuzi ukukhiqiza ugesi? Zisebenza kanjani? Yiziphi izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi?
1. Ukwakheka kanye nesimiso sesitshalo samandla enuzi
Isiteshi samandla enuzi uhlobo olusha lwesiteshi samandla esisebenzisa amandla aqukethwe yi-nucleus ye-athomu ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi ngemva kokuguqulwa. Ngokuvamile siqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: Isiqhingi Senuzi (N1) kanye nesiqhingi esivamile (CI). Imishini eyinhloko esiqhingini senuzi yi-reactor yenuzi kanye ne-steam generator, kanti imishini eyinhloko esiqhingini esivamile yi-gas turbine kanye ne-generator kanye nemishini ehambisanayo.
Isitshalo samandla enuzi sisebenzisa i-uranium, insimbi esindayo kakhulu, njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. I-uranium isetshenziselwa ukwenza uphethiloli wenuzi bese iwufaka ku-reactor. Ukuqhekeka kwenzeka emishinini ye-reactor ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamandla okushisa. Amanzi angaphansi komfutho ophezulu akhipha amandla okushisa futhi akhiqize umusi kujeneretha womusi ukuze aguqule amandla okushisa abe amandla omshini. Umusi uqhuba i-turbine yegesi ukuthi ijikeleze ngesivinini esikhulu nejeneretha, iguqule amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi, futhi amandla kagesi azokhiqizwa njalo. Lesi yisimiso esisebenzayo sesitshalo samandla enuzi.
2. Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwamandla enuzi
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zamandla okushisa, izitshalo zamandla enuzi zinezinzuzo zomthamo omncane wemfucuza, amandla aphezulu okukhiqiza kanye nokukhishwa okuncane komoya. Izinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zamandla okushisa ngamalahle. Ngokusho kwedatha efanele, amandla akhishwa ngokuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwe-1 kg ye-uranium-235 alingana namandla akhishwa ngokushiswa kwamathani angu-2700 amalahle ajwayelekile, kungabonakala ukuthi imfucuza yesitshalo samandla enuzi incane kakhulu kuneyesitshalo samandla okushisa, kuyilapho amandla eyunithi akhiqizwayo ephakeme kakhulu kuneyesitshalo samandla okushisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezinto zemvelo ezikhipha imisebe emalahleni, ezizokhiqiza inani elikhulu lempuphu yomlotha enobuthi kanye ne-radioactive kancane ngemva kokushiswa. Ziphinde zikhishwe ngqo emvelweni ngesimo somlotha wezimpukane, okubangela ukungcoliswa komoya okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zamandla enuzi zisebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela ukuvimbela ukungcola ukuthi kukhishwe emvelweni futhi kuvikele imvelo ezintweni ezikhipha imisebe ngezinga elithile.
Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zamandla enuzi nazo zibhekene nezinkinga ezimbili ezinzima. Eyokuqala ukungcola kokushisa. Izitshalo zamandla enuzi zizokhipha ukushisa okuningi endaweni ezungezile kunezitshalo zamandla ezivamile zokushisa, ngakho-ke ukungcola kokushisa kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi kubi kakhulu. Eyesibili imfucuza yenuzi. Njengamanje, ayikho indlela ephephile nehlala njalo yokwelapha imfucuza yenuzi. Ngokuvamile, iyaqina futhi igcinwe endaweni yokugcina imfucuza yesitshalo samandla enuzi, bese ithuthwa iye endaweni eqokwe umbuso ukuze igcinwe noma iphathwe ngemva kweminyaka emi-5-10.Nakuba imfucuza yenuzi ingenakuqedwa ngesikhathi esifushane, ukuphepha kwenqubo yokugcina izinto kuqinisekisiwe.
Kukhona nenkinga eyenza abantu besabe lapho bekhuluma ngamandla enuzi - izingozi zenuzi. Kube nezingozi eziningi ezinkulu zenuzi emlandweni, okuholele ekuphumeni kwezinto ezinemisebe ezivela ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi emoyeni, okubangela umonakalo ongapheli kubantu kanye nemvelo, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla enuzi kuye kwamiswa. Kodwa-ke, ngokuwohloka kwemvelo yasemkhathini kanye nokuncipha kancane kancane kwamandla, amandla enuzi, njengamandla ahlanzekile kuphela angathatha indawo yamafutha emvelo ngezinga elikhulu, abuyele emphakathini. Amazwe aqale ukuqala kabusha iziteshi zamandla enuzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, aqinisa ukulawulwa kweziteshi zamandla enuzi, ahlela kabusha futhi andise ukutshalwa kwezimali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, athuthukisa imishini kanye nobuchwepheshe futhi afuna indlela yokusebenza ephephile yeziteshi zamandla enuzi. Ngemuva kweminyaka yokuthuthukiswa, ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwamandla enuzi kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. Amandla adluliselwa ngamandla enuzi ezindaweni ezahlukene ngegridi yamandla nawo ayanda kancane kancane, futhi aqala ukungena empilweni yabantu yansuku zonke.
3. Amavalvu amandla enuzi
Amavalvu kagesi enuzi abhekisela kumavalvu asetshenziswa esiqhingini senuzi (N1), esiqhingini esivamile (CI) kanye nezinhlelo zezikhungo ezisizayo zesiteshi sikagesi (BOP) ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi. Ngokuphathelene nezinga lokuphepha, lihlukaniswe ngezinga lokuphepha lenuzi I, II, III kanye nezinga elingelona elenuzi. Phakathi kwazo, izidingo zezinga lokuphepha lenuzi I ziphakeme kakhulu. Ivalvu yamandla enuzi iyinani elikhulu lemishini yokulawula ukudluliselwa okuphakathi esetshenziswa esitshalweni samandla enuzi, futhi iyingxenye ebalulekile nebalulekile yokusebenza okuphephile kwesitshalo samandla enuzi.
Embonini yamandla enuzi, ama-valve amandla enuzi, njengengxenye ebalulekile, kufanele akhethwe ngokucophelela. Izici ezilandelayo kufanele zicatshangelwe:
(1) Isakhiwo, usayizi wokuxhumana, ingcindezi kanye nokushisa, umklamo, ukukhiqiza kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhlola kufanele kuhambisane nemininingwane yokuklama kanye namazinga emboni yamandla enuzi;
(2) Ingcindezi yokusebenza kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zezinga lokucindezela lamazinga ahlukahlukene esitshalo samandla enuzi;
(3) Umkhiqizo kufanele ube nokuvalwa okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokuklwebheka kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside.
I-Hikelok ibilokhu izibophezele ekuhlinzekeni ama-valve ezinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokufakwa kwemishini embonini yamandla enuzi iminyaka eminingi. Sihlanganyele ngokulandelana kumaphrojekthi okuhlinzeka ngezinsiza ze-Isikhungo samandla enuzi saseDaya Bay, Guangxi Fangchenggang amandla enuzi, Imboni engu-404 ye-China National Nuclear Industry CorporationfuthiIsikhungo Socwaningo Lwamandla EnuziSinokukhetha nokuhlola okuqinile kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obusezingeni eliphezulu, ukulawulwa okuqinile kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, abasebenzi bokukhiqiza nabahloli abangochwepheshe, kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kwazo zonke izixhumanisi. Imikhiqizo inikele embonini yamandla enuzi ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kanye nesakhiwo esizinzile.
4. Ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yamandla enuzi
Imikhiqizo ye-Hikelok iklanywe futhi ikhiqizwa ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nezindinganiso zemboni yamandla enuzi, futhi ihlangabezana nezidingo zama-valve ezinsimbi, izinto zokufaka kanye neminye imikhiqizo edingwa yimboni yamandla enuzi kuzo zonke izici.
Ukufakwa kwepayipi le-ferrule eliphindwe kabili: sekudlulileUkuhlolwa kokuhlola okungu-12 okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza kanye nokuhlolwa kobufakazi bomoya, futhi iphathwa ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokushisa okuphansi, obunikeza isiqinisekiso esithembekile sokusetshenziswa kwangempela kwe-ferrule; I-ferrule nut icutshungulwa nge-silver plating, egwema isenzakalo sokuluma ngesikhathi sokufakwa; Intambo isebenzisa inqubo yokugoqa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulukhuni kanye nokuphela kwendawo futhi kwandiswe impilo yenkonzo yezingxenye. Izingxenye zifakwe ukuvalwa okuthembekile, ukulwa nokuvuza, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukufakwa okulula, futhi zingahlukaniswa futhi zihlukaniswe ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Ukufakwa kwe-weld yezinsimbi: Ingcindezi ephezulu ingaba yi-12600psi, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kungafinyelela ku-538 ℃, kanti insimbi engagqwali inokumelana okuqinile kokugqwala. Ububanzi bangaphandle bokuphela kokuwelda kwezinsimbi zokuwelda buyahambisana nosayizi wepayipi, futhi bungahlanganiswa nepayipi lokuwelda. Ukuxhumeka kokuwelda kungahlukaniswa ngohlelo lwe-metric kanye nohlelo lwe-fractional. Izinhlobo zokufakwa zifaka phakathi i-union, i-elbow, i-tee kanye ne-cross, ezingazivumelanisa nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zokufakwa.
Ukufaka amapayipi: Ngemva kokupholisha ngomshini, ukupholisha kanye nezinye izinqubo, ubuso bangaphandle bepayipi bukhanya futhi ubuso bangaphakathi buhlanzekile. Ingcindezi yokusebenza ingafinyelela ku-12000psi, ubunzima abudluli ku-90HRB, ukuxhumana ne-ferrule kubushelelezi, futhi ukuvala kuthembekile, okungavimbela ngempumelelo ukuvuza ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthwala ingcindezi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo ze-metric kanye ne-fractional, futhi ubude bungenziwa ngezifiso.
Ivalvu yenaliti: Izinto zokwakha umzimba we-valve yenaliti yensimbi ziyindinganiso ye-ASTM A182. Inqubo yokwakha inesakhiwo sekristalu esiqinile kanye nokumelana okuqinile kokuklwebheka, okunganikeza uphawu oluthembeke kakhulu noluphindaphindayo. Ingaphakathi le-valve eliyindilinga lingalungisa njalo futhi kancane ukugeleza okuphakathi. Ikhanda le-valve kanye nesihlalo se-valve kuyi-seal ekhishwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo ye-valve. Umklamo ohlangene uhlangabezana nezidingo zokufakwa endaweni encane, ngokuhlukaniswa okulula nokugcinwa kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo.
I-valve yebhola:Umzimba wevalvu unezakhiwo ezinengxenye eyodwa, ezimbili, ezihlanganisiwe nezinye. Ingxenye ephezulu yakhelwe ngamabhangqa amaningi eziphethu zebhabhathane, ezingamelana nokudlidliza okunamandla. Kungase kukhethwe isihlalo sevalvu yokuvala insimbi, i-torque encane yokuvula nokuvala, umklamo wokupakisha okhethekile, ukumelana nokuvuza, ukumelana nokugqwala okunamandla, impilo yenkonzo ende, kanye namaphethini ahlukahlukene okugeleza.
I-valve yokusiza ngokulinganisela: njengoba igama lisho, ivalvu yokukhulula elinganiselayo iyithuluzi lokuvikela elenziwe ngomshini, elingabeka ingcindezi yokuvula. Isebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu futhi ayithinteki kakhulu yingcindezi yangemuva. Lapho ingcindezi yesistimu ikhuphuka, ivalvu ivuleka kancane kancane ukuze ikhulule ingcindezi yesistimu. Lapho ingcindezi yesistimu yehla ngaphansi kwengcindezi ebekiwe, ivalvu ivala kabusha ngokushesha, iqinisekisa ngokuphephile ukuzinza kwengcindezi yesistimu, ivolumu encane kanye nokugcinwa okulula.
Ivalvu evalwe nge-bellows: ivalvu evalwe nge-bellows isebenzisa izinsimbi zensimbi ezakhiwe ngokunemba ezinokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla kanye nesiqinisekiso esithembekile somsebenzi owenziwa endaweni. Ikhanda levalvu lisebenzisa umklamo ongajikelezi, futhi uphawu lokukhipha lungandisa kangcono impilo yevalvu. Ivalvu ngayinye idlula ukuhlolwa kwe-helium, ngokuvalwa okuthembekile, ukuvimbela ukuvuza kanye nokufakwa okulula.
I-Hikelok inezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo nezinhlobo eziphelele. Ingabuye yenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo zamakhasimende. Kamuva, onjiniyela bazoqondisa ukufakwa kuyo yonke inqubo, futhi insizakalo yangemva kokuthengisa izophendula ngesikhathi. Imikhiqizo eminingi esetshenziswa embonini yamandla enuzi yamukelekile ukubonisana!
Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe yoku-oda, sicela ubheke okukhethiweamakhathalogikuvuliweIwebhusayithi esemthethweni kaHikelokUma unemibuzo yokukhetha, sicela uxhumane nabasebenzi bezokuthengisa abangochwepheshe be-Hikelok abasebenza amahora angama-24 online.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-25-2022